“Big, Beautiful Bill”, the major tax and spending legislation demanded by President Trump, is set to be signed into law today, following its narrow passage through the Senate on Tuesday. The bill was approved by the slimmest of margins, with Vice President JD Vance casting the deciding tiebreaking vote. It includes sweeping tax cuts, reductions to social welfare programmes, and increased funding for the military and immigration enforcement—measures that could add an estimated $3.3 trillion to the national debt.
There were several complications in passing the bill, as the Senate vote extended overnight before it was ultimately advanced by a 51–50 margin, with two Republican senators voting against it. Concerns centred on the significant cuts to healthcare programmes, aid for lower-income Americans, and the projected $3.3 trillion increase to the existing $36.2 trillion national debt. The bill would also compel Congress to raise the debt ceiling or risk a default. It proceeded to the House of Representatives on Thursday, where it passed narrowly by 218 votes to 214. The legislation was finalised just in time to meet Friday’s deadline set by Mr Trump, who intended to sign it into law today on US Independence Day.
Another Trump-imposed deadline is fast approaching, as the 90-day freeze on the Liberation Day US tariffs is set to expire in just five days. Speaking earlier this week, President Trump made it clear he had no intention of extending the deadline, though he admitted it had been more difficult than expected to secure new trade agreements. He criticised several countries as being “spoilt from having ripped us off for 30, 40 years”.
The goal of completing 90 trade deals in 90 days was always highly ambitious. So far, only the UK and Vietnam have finalised agreements, while China has agreed to a “framework” towards a broader deal. US Treasury Secretary has expressed optimism, stating he expects a flurry of deals to materialise ahead of the looming deadline.
US Non-Farm Payrolls data for June was released a day early due to the Independence Day holiday. Despite the shift in timing, the underlying trend remained unchanged, with 147,000 jobs added over the month—continuing the pattern of labour market resilience. Markets had forecast an increase of 110,000 jobs, making the figures a positive surprise, particularly the 73,000 rise in government employment, which included a 40,000 increase in government education roles.
In contrast, the federal government shed 7,000 jobs in May, and cuts have continued at an unprecedented pace as the White House pushes forward with aggressive spending reductions. The unemployment rate fell to 4.1%, largely due to a decline in labour force participation.
The US Federal Reserve has kept interest rates unchanged at 4.5% since December 2024, and the timeline for the start of its rate-cutting cycle continues to be pushed back. Markets remain optimistic that the first-rate cut could come in September, followed by a second in December. There is also growing speculation that the cuts may be larger than the typical 25 basis points (0.25%).
There were fierce battles in the House of Commons as Prime Minister Keir Starmer was forced into a U-turn on welfare reform plans put forward by Chancellor Rachel Reeves. Intense political pressure from within the Labour Party saw 49 MPs vote against the government’s welfare reform bill. The proposed changes to Personal Independence Payments (PIP) and Universal Credit were widely criticised as harmful, prompting Starmer to delay any reforms to PIP pending a further review.
The climbdown leaves Chancellor Reeves in a difficult position, facing a £4.8 billion shortfall while maintaining her pledge not to raise income tax or VAT. Headlines across the UK focused on Reeves appearing emotional in the Commons, with speculation mounting after the Prime Minister declined to confirm whether she would remain in her role through to the next general election.
Investors shifted from tariff-driven panic to relief buying, pushing US stock markets back to record highs. The S&P 500 has surged roughly 26% since bottoming on 8 April, and AI poster child Nvidia is poised to become the world’s most valuable company ever as it approaches a $4 trillion market cap. Despite looming trade deadlines, optimism remains that “July Joy” could continue—historically the strongest month for the S&P 500 over the past two decades. Meanwhile, the US dollar posted mixed performance this week, strengthening slightly against pound sterling but weakening against the Swiss franc.
Nathan Amaning, Investment Analyst
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